Publication date: Oct 17, 2024

Development of new vaccines tailored for difficult-to-target diseases is hampered by a lack of diverse adjuvants for human use, and none of the currently available adjuvants induce Th17 cells. Here, we develop a liposomal adjuvant, CAF(R)10b, that incorporates Mincle and Toll-like receptor 9 agonists. In parallel mouse and non-human primate studies comparing to CAF(R) adjuvants already in clinical trials, we report species-specific effects of adjuvant composition on the quality and magnitude of the responses. When combined with antigen, CAF(R)10b induces Th1 and Th17 responses and protection against a pulmonary infection with Mycobacterium tuberculosis in mice. In non-human primates, CAF(R)10b induces higher Th1 responses and robust Th17 responses detectable after six months, and systemic and pulmonary Th1 and Th17 recall responses, in a sterile model of local recall. Overall, CAF(R)10b drives robust memory antibody, Th1 and Th17 vaccine-responses via a non-mucosal immunization route across both rodent and primate species.

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